lunes, 31 de diciembre de 2012

Cambridge History of Africa

Consigue en Scribd los 8 volúmenes de Cambridge History of Africa. Es una colección que no debe faltar en la biblioteca de los africanistas. Una lectura obligada para aquellos que desean saber sobre el continente africano.  Estos volúmenes tienen un valor de sobre $1,200 y los puedes tener gratis en PDF.

The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 3~ From c. 1050 to c. 1600 (0521209811, 1977)

Cambridge History of Africa 8

CambridgeHistoryAfrica_8

domingo, 30 de diciembre de 2012

Forget Colonialism? Sacrifice and the Art of Memoryin Madagascar

7883425 Forg otten colonial ism mad agas car

THE KANYOK OF ZAIRE An Institutional and IdeologicalHistory to 1895

67890 T he Kanyok of Za ire

Words Cannot Be Found

65767 Words Cannot Be Found

PEOPLE OF THE SEA

874589 Peo ple of the s e a - mada gascar

Nat Geo Zombie Island

This documentary is about my country, Puerto Rico. Culpa del PNP y Luis Fortuño por RATA.

RÜSEN, Jörn - Reconstrucao do passado

RÜSEN, Jörn - Reconstrução do passado

Josep Fontana - Historia Depois Do Fim Da Historia

Josep Fontana - Historia Depois Do Fim Da Historia

Josep Fontana Europa Ante El Espejo

Josep Fontana Europa Ante El Espejo

DVD Marisa Monte - Memórias, Crônicas e Declarações de Amor

Serrat & Sabina en el Luna park - Concierto completo DVD

sábado, 29 de diciembre de 2012

viernes, 28 de diciembre de 2012

Meus livros/mis libros/my books!!!



African Activist Archive Project


African Activist Archive Project

The African Activist Archive is preserving and making available online the records of activism in the United States to support the struggles of African peoples against colonialism, apartheid, and social injustice from the 1950s through the 1990s. The website includes:
  • growing online archive of historical materials - pamphlets, newsletters, leaflets, buttons, posters, T-shirts, photographs, and audio and video recordings
  • personal remembrances and interviews with activists
  • an international directory of collections deposited in libraries and archives
The African Activist Archive Project is collaborating with activists across the U.S. who supported African liberation struggles to create this online archive of more than 5,000 items. The project also assists individuals and groups to deposit their collections in public repositories, including the African Activist Archive collections in the Michigan State University Libraries. 


http://africanactivist.msu.edu/index.php

Departamento de Estudos Históricos e Políticos

The Centro de Estudos Africanos at Universidade Eduardo Mondlane has launched a new blogging website, organised by its Department of Historical and Political Studies. It's worth chceking from time to time to catch up with new publications and events and to read texts written by CEA researchers. A conference in memory of assassinated research director Ruth First, killed in 1982 by South African security forces, is scheduled for November at the CEA. http://dehpcea.blogspot.com/

Economía de la Edad de Piedra

Marshall Sahlins - Economía de la Edad de Piedra

jueves, 27 de diciembre de 2012

Visitas desde la apertura del blog.

Esta estadística no contempla aquellos países de los cuales solo se han recibido 1 visita. Incluso no contempla aquellos países con menos de 43 visitas. País Visitas Estados Unidos 1619 Puerto Rico 1364 Alemania 848 Rusia 271 España 269 Argentina 182 México 171 Colombia 166 Chile 142 Perú 43

OBSBAWN, Eric - Ecos Da Marselhesa

HOBSBAWN, Eric - Ecos Da Marselhesa

HOBSBAWN, Eric - O declínio do Império do Ocidente

HOBSBAWN, Eric - O declínio do Império do Ocidente. IN: O novo século - Entrevista a Antonio Polito

Mundos do Trabalho Eric Hobsbawn

Mundos do Trabalho Eric Hobsbawn

Eric Hobsbawm - Bandidos

Eric Hobsbawm - Bandidos

Luis César Bou - Africa y su historia

Luis César Bou - Africa y su historia

Las crónicas perdidas de los reyes mayas

David Drew - Las crónicas perdidas de los reyes mayas

Carlos Daniel Valcárcel - Rebeliones coloniales sudamericanas

Carlos Daniel Valcárcel - Rebeliones coloniales sudamericanas

Maurice Halbwachs - La Memoria Colectiva

Maurice Halbwachs - La Memoria Colectiva

John Lynch - Historia de España. Edad Moderna, crisis y recuperación 1598-1808

John Lynch - Historia de España. Edad Moderna, crisis y recuperación 1598-1808

La vida cotidiana en Egipto en tiempos de Ramsés

Pierre Montet - La vida cotidiana en Egipto en tiempos de Ramsés

Escuela de Frankfurt. Razón, arte y libertad

Varios Autores - Escuela de Frankfurt. Razón, arte y libertad

Pablo Morrero - Carimba. La marca de África en nuestra Independencia

Pablo Morrero - Carimba. La marca de África en nuestra Independencia

uan Bosch - Breve historia de los pueblos árabes

Juan Bosch - Breve historia de los pueblos árabes

lunes, 24 de diciembre de 2012

A Mouth sweeter than Salt-An African Memoir

A Mouth sweeter than Salt-An African Memoir byToyin Falola

Lincoln on Race and Slavery

Lincoln on Race and Slavery by Henry Louis Gates Jr.

We Are Our Own Liberators _ Selected Prison Writings (2nd Edition)

We Are Our Own Liberators _ Selected Prison Writings (2nd Edition)

Cities Middle East and Africa

Cities Middle East Africa

Kunene Mazisi-Emperor Shaka the Great

Kunene Mazisi-Emperor Shaka the Great

A Short History of Film

A Short History of Film @

North Africa and the Middle East

North Africa and the Middle East

Africa and the Midle East

Ethnic Groups

sábado, 15 de diciembre de 2012

The Relevance of African Studies ∗

African Studies seem somewhat a contested territory and notion, depending
on who executes the power of definition. Such studies and their results are
at times questioned and ridiculed as exotic, at times underrated in terms of
their social relevance, but occasionally also over‐estimated with regard to
their political impact. By way of introducing the wide panorama, three
concrete examples from the last decade try to illustrate the diverse points.
Then follows a summary overview on parts of the recent debate concerning
the definition and role of African Studies, before a last part reflects on the
relevance of African Studies in a Nordic context.


http://www.univie.ac.at/ecco/stichproben/Nr16_Melber.pdf

Images of Africans in British Slavery Discourse Pro‐ and Anti‐Slave Trade/Slavery Voices in The Gentleman’s Magazine and The Monthly Review, 1772 – 1833


Images of Africans in British Slavery Discourse
Pro‐ and Anti‐Slave Trade/Slavery Voices in The
Gentleman’s Magazine and The Monthly Review, 1772 – 1833


http://www.univie.ac.at/ecco/stichproben/Nr16_Pallua.pdf

On Writing African History: Schools of Thought and their (Mis)Representation

There are many different opinions  on how to write African history 
properly. One US-American historian, J.E. Philips, recently opined his 
views quite dogmatically. In an article published in 2005 he compared 
the writing of African history in three countries – Japan, France, and 
the US. His comparison follows  three premises: Firstly, UShistoriography of Africa is the most progressive. Secondly, Japanese 
history writing on Africa, in contrast, is characterized by ignorance, 
falsity, and bad faith. Thirdly,  Philips holds responsible for this 
allegedly bad state of the discipline in Japan the influence of the – 
allegedly anti-historical – French social anthropologists Georges 
Balandier and Claude Lévi-Strauss. Obviously, Philips` treatment of 
the distinct national schools of thought is polemical in style. What is 
worse, however, is the lack of expertise on the very topics he deals 
with. Ignorance is displayed by Philips throughout his article. The 
present contribution sets out to substantiate these points, for there is 
more to say in favour of French and Japanese ways of writing African 
history than the impertinent allegations of Philips forebode.



On Writing African History: Schools of Thought and their (Mis)Representation Click Here for article

Genes, Pueblos y Lenguas, Cavalli-Sforza

6 Genes, Pueblos y Lenguas, Cavalli-Sforza1992

Los Genes y La Historia - Cavalli-Sforza - Genes Pueblos y Lenguas

Los Genes y La Historia - Cavalli-Sforza - Genes Pueblos y Lenguas001

Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza Genes, Peoples and Languages

Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza Genes, Peoples and Languages 2001

hunter-gatherers in history archaeology and athropology

_hunter-gatherers in history archaeology and athropology

Vanished cities of northern Africa

Vanished cities of northern Africa

Gordon Childe Los Origenes de La Civilizacion

Gordon Childe Los Origenes de La Civilizacion

Rodrigo Arocena - La crisis del socialismo de Estado y más allá

Rodrigo Arocena - La crisis del socialismo de Estado y más allá, 1991

DVD Marisa Monte - Memórias, Crônicas e Declarações de Amor

DVD Marisa Monte - Memórias, Crônicas e Declarações de Amor

DVD Completo - Gabriel O Pensador - Ao Vivo MTV (Show Completo)

sábado, 17 de noviembre de 2012

Struggle for Zimbabwe

Struggle for Zimbabwe by David Martin,Phyllis Johnson

Fight for Zimbabwe

Fight for Zimbabwe

SOLDIERS IN ZIMBABWE'S LIBERATION WAR

SOLDIERS IN ZIMBABWE'S LIBERATION WAR

Devils Amongs Us

Evenson.Herbstein.Devils Amongs tUs

Harold Hough Practical Guide to Photographic Intelligence

Harold Hough Practical Guide to Photographic Intelligence

Guns for Hire (RHODESIA,ZIMBABWE,CIA)

Guns for Hire (RHODESIA,ZIMBABWE,CIA)

Myths and Legends of the Congo

Myths and Legends of the Congo

Brutal Force (Apartheid War Machine)

Brutal Force (Apartheid War Machine)

Trailing the Family in Mozambique

Trailing the Family in Mozambique

BBC - Lost Kingdoms of Africa (Nubia)

Wonders of the African World - Episode 5 & 6 - The Road to Timbuktu & Lost Cities of the South

Wonders of the African World - Episode 1 & 2 - Black Kingdoms of the Nile & The Swahili Coast

Wonders of the African World - Episode 3 & 4 - The Slave Kingdoms & The Holy Land

Toussaint Louverture by C. L. R. James

Toussaint Louverture by C. L. R. James

African History Untold Ethiopia

lunes, 5 de noviembre de 2012

El Enigma Del Don

Godelier, Maurice - El Enigma Del Don

Sobre El Modo de Produccion Asiatico

Sobre El Modo de Produccion Asiatico GODELIER MAURICE MARX KARL ENGELS FREDERIC Acrobat 4

Economia Fetichismo y Religion en Las Sociedades Primitivas

Economia Fetichismo y Religion en Las Sociedades Primitivas GODELIER MAURICE Acrobat 4

Godelier Maurice - Cuerpo Parentesco Y Poder

Godelier Maurice - Cuerpo Parentesco Y Poder

Augé, Marc - Los no lugares. Una antropología de la Sobremodernidad

Augé, Marc - Los no lugares. Una antropología de la Sobremodernidad

La Representación de la Realidad

La Representación de la Realidad - Bill Nichols (Paidos, 1997)

Bastides Roger_Las Americas Negras

Bastides Roger_Las Americas Negras

Victor Turner - El Proceso Ritual

Victor Turner - El Proceso Ritual

Levi-Strauss, Claude - Mitologicas I. Lo crudo y lo cocido

Levi-Strauss, Claude - Mitologicas I. Lo crudo y lo cocido

Cultura escrita en sociedades tradicionales

[Goody, Jack][Cultura escrita en sociedades tradicionales][Antropología-Ensayo][pdf]

Pritchard, Evans - Los Nuer

Evans Pritchard - LOS NUER by miss_helen

Political Anthropology: Power and Paradigms

Kurtz, Donald V. - Political Anthropology: Power and Paradigms (2001)

Deporte y Ocio en El Proceso de La Civilizacion

Deporte y Ocio en El Proceso de La Civilizacion

Evans Pritchard, Edward E. - Historia del Pensamiento Antropológico

Evans Pritchard, Edward E. - Historia del Pensamiento Antropológico

Susan Sontag. La Enfermedad y Sus Metaforas

Susan Sontag. La Enfermedad y Sus Metaforas

Goody, Jack - Cocine cuisine y clase

[Goody, Jack][Cocine cuisine y clase][Antropología-Ensayo][pdf]

Susan Sontag - El antropólogo como héroe

Susan Sontag - El antropólogo como héroe

South of the Sahara

South of the Sahara

Yoruba Diaspora

63455911 Yoruba Diaspora

Conheça os pigmeus e saiba como vive esse povo de tradições milenares na África

Sociedades Tribais Africanas

Lixo Extraordinario Documentário - Filme Completo

domingo, 4 de noviembre de 2012

Kwame Nkrumah's Politico-Cultural Thought and Politics

Kwame Nkrumah's Politico-Cultural Thought and Politics

War of Words, War of Stones

War of Words, War of Stones (0253355850)

Ancient Ghana and Mali

Ancient Ghana and Mali

Law and the Prophets _Black Consciousness in South Africa, 1968-1977

Law and the Prophets _Black Consciousness in South Africa, 1968-1977

African Geography

African Geography

No Easy Walk to Freedom -Nelson Mandela

No Easy Walk to Freedom -Nelson Mandela

Thabo Mbeki and the Battle for the Soul of the ANC

Thabo Mbeki and the Battle for the Soul of the ANC, Second Edition

Struggle Over Land in Africa

Struggle Over Land in Africa

A Mouth sweeter than Salt-An African Memoir

A Mouth sweeter than Salt-An African Memoir byToyin Falola

Ngugi's Novels and African History

Ngugi's Novels and African History

Darfur a New History of a Long War

Darfur a New History of a Long War

Constructions of belonging : Igbo communities and the Nigerian state in the twentieth century

Harneit-Sievers, Axel. Constructions of belonging : Igbo communities and the Nigerian state in the twentiet...

The Roots of African Conflicts

Nhema, Alfred G, Und Tiyambe Zeleza. 2008. the Roots of African Conflicts. the Causes & Cost

The Man-Leopard Murders: History and Society in Colonial Nigeria.

Pratten, D. The Man-Leopard Murders: History and Society in Colonial Nigeria. Edinburgh University Press, 2...

The Warrant Chiefs: indirect rule in southeastern Nigeria, 1891-1929

Adiele Eberechukwu Afigbo The Warrant Chiefs: indirect rule in southeastern Nigeria, 1891-1929

Forde, Cyril Daryll. Efik Traders of Old Calabar: Containing The Diary of Antera Duke, an Efik Slave-trading Chief of the Eighteenth Century.

Forde, Cyril Daryll. Efik Traders of Old Calabar: Containing The Diary of Antera Duke, an Efik Slave-tradin...

domingo, 21 de octubre de 2012

Myths about Africa, Africans, and African History: The Student's "Ten Commandments"

From: https://jshare.johnshopkins.edu/plarson1/web/syllabi/121/myths/myths.htm Myths about Africa, Africans, and African History: The Student's "Ten Commandments" Myths about ..Africa.., Africans, and African History: The Student's "Ten Commandments".... Introduction. Myths about various people and places can develop and become popular in a society for a variety of reasons. Europeans and North Americans have developed myths about Africa, Africans and African history in the context of their enslavement of Africans, their colonization of ..Africa.., and their history of racism. Racism perpetuated and perpetuates myths about Black people to denigrate them and to "prove" that they have no worthy history. This distortion of African history served and serves the purpose of the social, political, and economic subordination of African people on both sides of the ..Atlantic... These myths ultimately concern ..Africa.. and Africans, the continent and people at the origin of the Black diaspora. The primary way in which racism denigrates African experience is by creating negative images and stereotypes of Africans and their history. Racism accounts for most of the myths about Africa circulating in ..North America.. and more broadly today. A more recent and less important source of myths about ..Africa.. and African history comes from within the African community itself. In order to re-instill a sense of dignity and respect for African history denied by racist myths, some scholars and activists have invented new myths about Africans and African history that are not supported by evidence or that serve to elevate Africans at the expense of other people (such as Latin Americans). These latter myths are largely positive stereotypes of Africans, but are wrong nevertheless. .... Many of the ten myths referred to below have become "common knowledge" and widely accepted in American society, in both Black and White communities. It is necessary to discuss and unlearn them before we proceed with learning new things about ..Africa... Because unlearning these popular myths is very important for learning new things about ..Africa.., I call them the student's "Ten Commandments." Knowing that these myths are wrong should be your foundational knowledge about ..Africa.., its peoples and history. .... Myth One. ..Africa.. has no ancient cultures, histories or civilizations and has therefore made no meaningful contributions to world history. Subsidiary to this, the values that Westerners hold dear today like political freedom and democracy had and have no tradition or history in ..Africa... .... False. This is one of the most fundamental of all the myths and is so strong because African slaves, as dishonored people, were stripped of their history and the dignity and pride that accompanied it. Africans not only built so many ancient cultures, kingdoms, civilizations, and empires that one person can scarcely remember let alone adequately study them (those of you who have studied History 191 will know this already) but Africa was the center of one of the oldest of all civilizations, Egypt, from which the ancient Greeks, so favored in Western history, borrowed and learned (Egyptians also borrowed and learned from the Greeks, in their time, as the Mediterranean Sea on which both Greece and Egypt were located, was a zone of cultural intercommunication.) Finally, citizen participation, autonomy, and local decision-making are significant themes in African political history. Like other areas of the world, ..Africa.. experienced significant historical tensions between political centralization and absolute power, on the one hand, and tendencies toward local autonomy and individuality, on the other. The Western world and ancient ....Greece.... have neither a monopoly nor a patent on the forms of government we now know and value as "democracy." .... Myth Two. Africans are primarily tribespeople; Africans are organized first and foremost into tribes while Europeans are primarily organized into nations. .... False. The word "tribe" is a European word, not an African one. It is a term originating in the Judeo-Christian tradition (the "tribes" of ....Israel....) that Europeans have historically used to name Africans, not a term that Africans have historically used to refer to themselves. No one, in any case, knows precisely what a tribe is. There is no agreed upon definition because the word is not scientific or precise in any sense—it is an invented category. Essentially designating an "ethnic group," the term "tribe" is employed by people who consider themselves "normal" to refer to others who they consider to be unlike themselves in a negative way. Thus Americans will immediately think of Africans as tribes, but talk about Norwegians, French, Mexicans, Poles or African Americans as "ethnic groups" or "nations." In the West, "tribe" carries the connotation of socially backward, not advanced or sophisticated, and therefore Westerners employ it liberally to refer to Africans because they mistakenly believe these are primary African characteristics (this, like most of the other myths, is part of the inheritance of racism). A further problem arises because in ..Africa.. today you will hear many Africans refer to themselves as members of tribes. This usage comes from an acceptance of the European terminology by some Africans, a terminology that was employed so much during the colonial period (the early 20th century) that many Africans have internalized it and continue to use the term. Like Americans, however, Africans are unlikely to employ the term "tribe" to refer to Europeans. Because some Africans employ the term "tribe" to refer to themselves, however, does not make "tribe" any more legitimate than when Europeans employ it. .... Myth Three. Africans are essentially primitive in lifestyle, art and technology because few or no innovations took or take place in ..Africa... .... False. Mention the derogatory word "primitive" (which, of course nobody thinks they are nor wants to be called) and many people in North America think straight away of ..Africa.. and Africans. How many times do we still hear of "primitive" people living in the forest here or there? Primitive has no scientific definition. Like "tribe" it is an epithet, a bad name, that Europeans/Americans have traditionally applied to people who live differently than they do, especially those who do not employ or have the kinds of technology Westerners today daily live with. Africans do not have a "primitive" lifestyle, art and technology, they have African lifestyles, arts and technologies that vary a great deal according to ecology, personal and group preferences, economic status, and a host of other factors. Each African society has produced and continues to produce its own innovations in technology, government, social structure, art, and literature. And some Africans employ some of the most sophisticated technology today available. Many telephone systems newly installed in African cities, for instance, take advantage of communications technologies that are well ahead of those available to you, the local telephone customer in the ....United States..... Everyone reading this essay on myths would protest the insult if someone called them a "primitive tribesperson" to their face—or even behind their backs! Claiming someone is "primitive" does not reveal anything about them; it is an insult. Keep that word out of my classroom. .... Myth Four. Africans have no literary, philosophical and historical traditions in either the recent or the far past. .... False. Africans have literary and historical traditions reaching back to the dawn of civilization. Although writing was developed on its own in ..Egypt.. and several other ancient African civilizations, writing as a technology came late to much of ..Africa.., during the 19th and early 20th centuries. But literary and historical traditions do not depend exclusively on writing. Verbal literature remained, and even today with the spread of writing as a technology of communication remains vibrant across ..Africa... Great African literary classics like Sundiata, an epic that stems from historical events in the 13th century, have been preserved as oral literature and subsequently written down for the enjoyment and edification of those who read. Africans have long excelled in the verbal arts and, where writing has a longer tradition, have also excelled in written literatures over the last centuries. For humanity as a whole, writing is a relatively new technology in which several African societies participated before the modern era, but humans had both a well developed sense and appreciation for history and a fascinating literature long before the prevalence of writing as a technology. .... Myth Five. All Africans are black. To be African is to be black. Africans are not culturally diverse. Africans share an essentially unified culture .... False. The majority of Africans have skin colors which in the ....United States...., operating under the "one drop" rule, would be classified as "black." But not everyone thinks like Americans, and this includes Africans. Africans come in a wide variety of skin colors and physical types that many Africans find significant among themselves. Most African cultures distinguish between, and have words to describe, different shades of skin color and hair types. In many societies, prejudices based upon these observed physical differences exist. Africans range from an almost dark blue-black skin color to a very light skin color that would "pass" in the ....United States.... as socially white. In addition to "indigenous" Africans whose ancestors remained on the continent (remember that all humans are Africans and their ancestors ultimately were Africans), there are immigrant Africans from all parts of the world. Immigrants to ..Africa.. compose only a small proportion of the African population. Africa has been connected to the wider world since the ancestors of non-Africans left Africa for Europe and ..Asia... It is therefore not surprising that, like anywhere else in the world, immigrants have come to live in Africa and in the process became Africans, just as Europeans and Africans became Americans in the ....Americas..... Some immigrants to Africa are ancient immigrants like Persians and Arabs among the Swahili of East Africa, Arabs in ..North Africa.., or Indonesians among the Malagasy. Most immigrants, however, are newer, having arrived during the last several hundred years or even in the last couple of decades. Newer immigrant Africans come primarily from Europe (especially ..France.., ..England.., ..Portugal.. and ..Holland..) and Asia (especially ..India.., ..China.., ..Lebanon.. and ....Indonesia....). Again, a comparison can be made with the ....United States..... In ..North America.. the population consists of indigenous peoples (Native Americans) and those who immigrated voluntarily or forcefully (mainly Europeans and Africans, but people from all parts of the world). The existence of indigenous people and immigrants is also true in ..Africa.., but there the indigenous Africans represent the vast majority instead of the minority. To claim that an Hispanic person is not an American citizen because she is Hispanic, or that an African American is not an American because he is African in origin, or that a Norwegian American is not American because her grandparents came from Europe (or because her far ancestors ultimately came from Africa) is nonsense and insulting. This is also true in ..Africa... If we tell African immigrants they are not truly Africans, or African citizens, they would probably either laugh at our ignorance or slap us in the face. In any case, they would show us their African passports. .... Myth Six. ..Africa.. is one country and the people there speak a language called “African.” .... False. The African continent contains more than 50 countries that are joined together in the Organization of African Unity. Africans speak thousands of different languages organized into five main language families. There are both important diversities and fundamental cultural similarities across ..Africa.., as across any continent .... Myth Seven. ..Africa.. is mostly jungle, with some desert, and is highly overpopulated. .... False. Very little of ..Africa.. is jungle. It is true that Africa contains the largest stand of equatorial forest in the world, but like any other continent, and perhaps even more so, ..Africa.. is a continent of tremendous ecological and geographical diversity. The continent possesses the largest desert in the world, high snowy mountains, rich tropical forest, open grassland, mixed savanna (grasslands and trees), pine forests, temperate climates—pick a climate anywhere in the world (except Antarctica) and you can find it somewhere in Africa. ..Africa.. lies both inside and outside of the tropics, is massive, and has tremendous elevation differences. North American media reports on Africa often suggest that population control is desperately necessary, that ..Africa.. is brimming with people. Africa has only slightly more population per square mile than does ..North America... There are vast areas of Africa as large as North America itself (Africa being 3 1/2 times as large as the ....United States....) that are almost totally unpopulated. Many African nations have very high rates of population growth, which can pose serious challenges for weak economies and fragile ecologies. These are kinds of problems that face many other nations in the world too. .... Myth Eight. North Africa is not a part of ..Africa... .... False. North Africa is often conceptually removed from the rest of Africa because (1) its people are, on average, of lighter skin color than the majority of Africans as a whole and (2) Arabic and Arab influences are more noticeable there than anywhere else in Africa. It is indeed important to understand North Africa, or at least parts of it, as part of what we commonly call "the ..Middle East..." At the same time, North Africa is an integral part of ..Africa.. itself, being a part of the continent. North Americans (both Black and White) are often uncomfortable with the idea of African diversity and are often quick to therefore separate North Africa from West, Central, East and ....South Africa..... To make a comparison closer to home, removing North Africa from Africa is like removing the American South or West from ....America.... because each of the two areas contains distinct characteristics and unique cultures and has populations which are, on average, darker in skin color than those in the north and northwest. Cutting parts of continents off in such, a summary and unjustified (not to mention racist) manner because they do not fit preconceived notions is, of course, ridiculous. .... Myth Nine. Africans are not normal people. There are two very different versions of this fundamental myth. Form A: Everything Africans do is worthless, a failure, and Africans can essentially only do bad things; Africans have no part in the history of civilization. Form B: Everything Africans do is perfect, worthy, harmonious, better than anything anybody else can or did do; Africans are the only or the primary origin of all civilization, especially Western Civilization and even the ancient Native American civilizations. .... False. Let us begin with form A of the Myth. The idea that Africans have made no contribution to civilization is and has been the key Western myth of ..Africa.. and Africans. It is a myth, like other Western myths, born of racism and ignorance. It is related to all the preceding myths we have discussed. In this myth, Westerners see Africans not as competent and creative human beings like themselves but as stunted, "primitive tribespeople," incapable of doing anything right, interesting, or worthwhile. Now let us turn to Form B of this myth, which is the flip opposite of the Western myth. The idea that Africans have a better civilization than others and in fact are the origin of everybody else's civilization originates as an attempt to correct the lies perpetuated by the Western myth. It arises from the struggle to claim a rightful dignity and a respectable place in world history and civilization for Africans. To note the greatness of African civilizations and their contributions to Western civilizations is accurate. The relationships and contributions of Ancient Egypt to the civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean (especially ....Greece....), for example, have been historically underplayed by Western historians over the last several centuries. On the other hand, societies borrow from each other and Africans have incorporated elements of other cultures and civilizations into their own societies just as much as they have contributed to others. To claim that Africans are the single or primary origin of Western and Latin American civilizations (versus the fact that Africans have made significant contributions to those civilizations, just as they have received from them), is now common in some social circles. This myth does not rest on real evidence and reproduces the myth that civilization and culture originated only in ONE place and spread from there to everywhere else (in academic jargon this theory of civilization is known as "hyperdiffusionism" and has always been associated with racism; it was used effectively by the West to denigrate Africans and bolster racism). To claim that Africans invented civilization for Europeans and Latin Americans is as insulting to them as the claim that Europeans were the origin of all civilization is to Africans. .... Both of these versions of the myth that Africans are not normal people are wrong because Africans are not robots, they are human beings like everyone else. Africans love, hate, fear, promote excellence, tear down societies, build civilizations, wage war, appreciate diversity, act intolerant, cry, sing, are born, die, make good art, make bad art, fashion social justice, act like tyrants: they do and feel everything that everyone else does. Restoring Africans to their proper place in world history and civilization means neither seeing Africans merely as stereotypes—as devils or as angels—but as complex individuals building complex and varied societies and civilizations, doing the kinds of things that humans anywhere else in the world do. .... Myth Ten. African history is basically a history of poverty, ignorance, slavery, violence, failure—of negative things. It is therefore both boring and depressing to study. .... False. How could I, as a professor and human being, devote my teaching career to such a "depressing" topic as African history if this myth were true? African history is a total mix. Some of the more depressing aspects of African history are concentrated in the last two centuries, the modern times, in which ..Africa.. has been subordinated in the world economy. These experiences will feature prominently in this course, which includes African history during the time of the slave trade and colonization. If we look into Africa's past we fund much that is positive and uplifting that more than counterbalances many of ..Africa..'s problems today. To see African history only as negative is the equivalent, say, of considering European history and achievements only by the scores of wars that have been fought on that continent or by narrowing our vision to the Holocaust only. In this class we will explore a range of African experiences, from cultural and intellectual achievements to the scourges of slavery and colonization. .... Put your myths aside, come, and learn about ..Africa.. and Africans in modern history. ....